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APPENDICES.
APPENDIX 1: Chemical properties of heavy metals.

ELEMENTS

GROUP IN PERIODIC TABLE
ATOMIC NUMBER
ATOMIC WEIGHT
IONS
IONIC RADIUS
ELECTRO-NEGATIVITY
IONIC POTENTIAL
(charge/radius)
Silver
IB
47
107.87
Ag+
1.26
1.9
-
Arsenic
VA
33
74.92
As3+
As5+
0.58
0.46
-
1.9
-
-
Gold
IB
79
196.97
Au+
1.37
2.4
-
Cadmium
IIB
48
112.40
Cd2+
0.97
1.7
-
Cobalt
VIII
27
58.93
Co2+
0.72
1.8
2.6
Chromium
VIB
24
52.00
Cr3+
Cr6+
0.63
0.52
1.6
-
4.3
16.0
Copper
IB
29
63.54
Cu+
Cu2+
0.96
0.72
1.9
2.0
-
2.5
Mercury
IIB
80
200.59
Hg2+
1.10
1.9
-
Manganese
VIIB
25
54.94
Mn2+
Mn3+
Mn4+
0.80
0.66
0.60
1.5
-
-
-
-
6.5
Molybdenum
VIB
42
95.94
Mo4+
Mo6+
0.70
0.62
-
1,8
-
12.0
Nickel
VIII
28
59.71
Ni2+
0.69
1.8
2.6
Lead
IVA
82
207.19
Pb2+
1.20
1.8
1.9
Antimony
VA
51
121.75
Sb3+
Sb5+
0.76
0.62
-
1.9
-
-
Selenium
VIA
34
78.96
Se=
Se6+
2.00
0.42
2.4
-
3.7
-
Tin
IVA
50
118.69
Sn2+
Sn4+
0.93
0.71
1.8
1.9
1.5
-
Thallium
IIIA
81
204.37
Tl+
Tl3+
1.47
0.95
-
1.8
-
-
Uranium
Actinide
Series
92
238.94
U4+
U6+
0.97
0.80
-
1.7
-
-
Vanadium
VB
23
50.94
V3+
V4+
V5+
0.74
0.65
0.59
1.6
-
-
-
-
11.0
Tungsten
VIB
74
183.85
W6+
0.62
1.7
-
Zinc
IIB
30
65.37
Zn2+
0.74
1.7
2.6

Ionic radius is for 6-coordination.
Electronegativity values for the other elements: S 2.5, I 2.5, O 3.5, Cl 3.0 and F 4.0. From these values, it can be generalized that a bond between any two atoms will be largely covalent if the electronegativities are similar and mainly ionic if they are very different.
Sources: Kabata-Pendias, A. and Pendias, H, Trace elements in soils and plants. CRC press, Boca Raton, Fla (1984).
                   Kranskopf, K.B, Introduction to Geochemistry.  McGraw-Hill, New York (1967).
APPENDIX 2: Concentrations of heavy metals in soils and plants.


ELEMENTS

Normal Range In Soils
Critical Soil Conc. (mg/kg)
Normal Range In Plants
Critical Concentration In Plants
Silver
0.01 – 8
2
0.1 – 0.8
-
1 – 4
Arsenic
0.1 – 40
20 – 50
0.02 – 7
5 – 20
1 – 20
Gold
0.001 – 0.02
-
<0.0017
-
<1
Cadmium
0.01 – 2.0
3 – 8
0.1 – 2.4
5 – 30
4 – 200
Cobalt
0.5 – 6.5
25 – 50
0.02 – 1
15- 50
4 – 40
Chromium
5 – 1500
75 – 100
0.03 – 14
5 – 30
2 – 18
Copper
2 – 250
60 – 125
5 – 20
20 – 100
5 – 64
Mercury
0.01 – 0.5
0.3 – 5
0.005 – 0.17
1 – 3
1 – 8
Manganese
20 – 10000
1500 – 3000
20 – 1000
300 – 500
100 – 7000
Molybdenum
0.1 – 40
2 – 10
0.03 – 5
10 – 50
-
Nickel
2 – 750
100
0.02 – 5
10 – 100
8 – 220
Lead
2 – 300
100 – 400
0.2 – 20
30 – 300
-
Antimony
0.2 – 10
5 – 10
0.0001 – 0.2
-
1 – 2
Selenium
0.1 – 5
5 – 10
0.001 – 2
5 – 30
3 – 40
Tin
1 – 200
50
0.2 – 6.8
60
63
Thallium
0.1 – 0.8
1
0.03 – 3
20
-
Uranium
0.7 – 9
-
0.005 – 0.06
-
-
Vanadium
3 – 500
50 – 100
0.001 – 1.5
5 – 10
1 – 13
Tungsten
0.5 – 83
-
0.005 – 0.15
-
-
Zinc
1 - 900
70 - 400
1 - 400
100 - 400
100 - 900

Data mainly from Bowen, HJM, Environmental Chemistry of the Elements. Academic Press, London (1979). The critical soil total concentrations is the range of values above which toxicity is considered to be possible. Data from Kabata-Pendias, A. and Pendias, H, Trace Elements in Soils and Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla (1984). The critical level in plants is the level above which toxicity effects are likely.








APPENDIX 3: Goldschmidt’s geochemical classification of the elements.


SIDEROPHILE
CHALCOPHILE
LITHOPHILE
Cobalt, Nickel, Gold, Lead Molybdenum and Arsenic
Copper, Silver, Gold, Zinc, Lead, Cadmium, Mercury, Molybdenum, Thallium, Arsenic, Antimony
Vanadium, Chromium, Uranium, Manganese and Thallium


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